Journal Publications
2025
Butler, Y., Egwuatu, C., Canham, M., & Sawyer, B. D. (2025). Sex Worker Human Digital Twins and Intellectual Property: on Collaborative Futures for Sex Thinkers, Technologists, and Lawyers. Porn Studies, 1-16. → Abstract
Karwowski, W., Salvendy, G., Endsley, M., Rouse, W., Salmon, P., Stanney, K., Thatcher, A., Andre, T., Yang, J., Ayaz, H., Cakir, A., Duffy, V., Drury, C., Gao, Q., Guo, Y., Hancock, P., Marras, W. S., Rau, P., Sawyer, B., & Stanton, N. (2025). Grand Challenges for Human Factors and Ergonomics. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2024.2431336 → Abstract
Day, S. L., Cirica, J., Clapp, S. R., Penkova, V., Giroux, A. E., Banta, A., Bordeau, C., Mutteneni, P., & Sawyer, B. D. (2025). Evaluating GenAI for Simplifying Texts for Education: Improving Accuracy and Consistency for Enhanced Readability. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.09158. PDF → Abstract
Day, S. L., Atilgan, N., Giroux, A. E., & Sawyer, B. D. (2024). The Influence of Format Readability on Children’s Reading Speed and Comprehension. Education Sciences, 14(8), 854. PDF → Abstract
2022
Beier, S., Berlow, S., Boucaud, E., Bylinskii, Z., Cai, T., Cohn, J., Crowley, K., Day, S., Dingler, T., Dobres, J., Healey, J., Jain, R., Jordan, M., Kerr, B., Li, Q., Miller, D., Nobles, S., Papoutsaki, A., Qian, J., Rezvanian, T., Rodrigo, S., Sawyer, B.D., Sheppard., S., Stein, B., Trietman, R., Vanek, J., Wallace, S., & Wolfe, B. (2022). Readability Research: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction, 16(4), 214-324. PDF → Abstract
Wallace, S., Dobres, J., Bylinskii, Z., & Sawyer, B. (2022). Space for Readability: Effects on Reading Speed from Individuated Character and Word Spacing. Journal of Vision, 22(14), 3349-3349. PDF → Abstract
Saeidi, M., Karwowski, W., Farahani, F.V., Fiok, K., Hancock, P.A., Sawyer, B.D., Christov-Moore, L. and Douglas, P.K., (2022). Decoding Task-Based fMRI Data with Graph Neural Networks, Considering Individual Differences. Brain Sciences, 12(8), 1094. PDF → Abstract
Wolfe, B., Sawyer, B. D., & Rosenholtz, R. (2022). Toward a Theory of Visual Information Acquisition in Driving. Human Factors, 64(4), 694-713. PDF → Abstract
2021
Wallace, S., Bylinski, Z., Dobres, J., Kerr, B., Berlow, S. Treitman, R., Kumawat, N., Arpin, K., Miller, D.B., Huang, J., Sawyer, B.D. (2021). Towards Individuated Reading Experiences: Different Fonts Increase Reading Speed for Different Individuals. Transactions of Human Computer Interaction, in press. PDF → Abstract
Krueger, E., Schneider, A.*, Sawyer, B., Chavaillaz, A., Sonderegger, A., Groner, R., & Hancock, P. (2021). Microsaccades Distinguish Looking from Seeing. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 12(6). PDF → Abstract
2020
Sawyer, B.D., Wolfe, B., Dobres, J., Chahine, N., Mehler, B. & Reimer, B .(2020). Glanceable, Legible Typography over Complex Backgrounds. Ergonomics,63(9),114-121. PDF → Abstract
Wallace, S., Treitman, R., Kumawat, N., Arpin, K., Huang, J., Sawyer, B.D., & Bylinskii, Z. (2020). Individual Differences in Font Preference & Effectiveness as Applied to Interlude Reading in the Digital Age. Journal of Vision, 20(11), 412-412. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Dobres, J., Chahine, N., & Reimer, B. (2020). The Great Typography Bake-off: Comparing Legibility At-a-Glance. Ergonomics, 1-19. PDF → Abstract
Canham, M., Sawyer, B.D. (2020) Neurosecurity: Human Brain Electro-optical Signals as MASINT. American Intelligence Journal, 36(2) 40-47. PDF → Abstract
Kaplan, A. D., Cruit, J., Endsley, M., Beers, S. M., Sawyer, B.D., & Hancock, P. A. (2020). The Effects of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality as Training Enhancement Methods: A Meta-Analysis. Human Factors. PDF → Abstract
Skrypchuk, L., Langdon, P., Sawyer, B.D., & Clarkson, P. J. (2020). Unconstrained Design: Improving Multitasking with In-Vehicle Information Systems through Enhanced Situation Awareness. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 1-37. PDF → Abstract
2019
Wolfe, B., Sawyer, B.D., Kosovicheva, A., Reimer, B., & Rosenholtz, R. (2019). Detection of Brake Lights while Distracted: Separating Peripheral Vision from Cognitive Load. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 1-16. PDF → Abstract
Li, S., Zhang, T., Sawyer, B.D., Zhang, W., & Hancock, P. A. (2019). Angry Drivers take Risky Decisions: Evidence from Neurophysiological Assessment. International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1701. PDF → Abstract
Krueger, E., Schneider, A., Sawyer, B.D., Chavaillaz, A., Sonderegger, A., Groner, R., & Hancock, P. (2019). Microsaccades Distinguish Looking from Seeing. Journal of Eye Movement Research,12(6). PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Seaman, S., Angell, L., Dobres, J., Mehler, B., and Reimer, B., (2019). A Description of a Subtask Dataset with Glances. arXiv. (No. 1902-03239). PDF → Abstract
Skrypchuk, L., Langdon, P., Sawyer, B.D., Mouzakitis, A., & Clarkson, P. J. (2019). Enabling Multitasking by Designing for Situation Awareness within the Vehicle Environment. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 20(2), 105-128. PDF → Abstract
Egwatu, C., Sawyer, B.D., & Hancock, P. A. (2019). Digital Influences on Sexual Discourse in Disabled Populations. Critical Disability Discourses/Discours Critiques Dans le Champ du Handicap, 9. PDF → Abstract
2018
Sawyer, B.D., Hancock, P.A. (2018). Hacking the Human: The Prevalence Paradox in Cybersecurity. Human Factors, 60(5), 597-609. PDF → Abstract
2017
Rosenholtz, R., Wolfe, B., Sawyer, B. D., Kosovicheva, A. and Reimer, B., (2017) Perceptual and Attentional Factors in Detection of Driving-Relevant Visual Events. Journal of Vision, 17(10), 754-754 PDF → Abstract
Lee, J.B., Sawyer, B.D., Mehler, B., Angell, L., Seppelt, B., Seaman, S., Fridman,L., Reimer, B. (2017). Linking the Detection Response Task and the AttenD Algorithm through the Assessment of Human Machine Interface Workload. Transportation Research Record. (No. 17-06664) PDF → Abstract
2016
Jansen, R.J., Sawyer B.D., van Egmond, R., de Ridder, H. & P.A. Hancock (2016). Hysteresis in Mental Workload and Task Performance: The Influence of Demand Transitions and Task Prioritization. Human Factors, 58(8), 1143-1157. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Finomore, V. S., Funke, G., Warm, J. S., Matthews, G, Hancock, P. A. (2016). Cyber Vigilance: The Human Factor. American Intelligence Journal, 32(2), 157-165. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Karwowski, W., Xanthopoulos, P., & Hancock, P. A. (2016). Detection of Error-Related Negativity in Complex Visual Stimuli: A New Neuroergonomic Arrow in the Practitioner’s Quiver. Ergonomics, 1-7. PDF → Abstract
Hancock, P. A., Sawyer B.D. (2015). Judging Thieves of Attention: Commentary on “Assessing Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile,” by Strayer, Turrill, Cooper, Coleman, Medeiros-Ward, and Biondi (2015). Human Factors 57(8) 1339-1342. PDF → Abstract
Hancock, P. A., Hancock, G., Sawyer, B.D. (2015). Cybernomics and the Implications of Cyber-Deception. The Ergonomist, 537, 12-14. PDF → Abstract
Hancock, P. A., Sawyer, B.D., & Stafford, S. (2015). The Effects of Display Size on Performance. Ergonomics, 58(3), 337-354. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Finomore, V. S., Calvo, A. A., & Hancock, P. A. (2014). Google Glass: A Driver Distraction Cause or Cure?. Human Factors, 56(7), 1307-1321. PDF → Abstract
Blalock, L. D., Sawyer, B.D., Kiken, A., Gutzwiller, R. S., McGrill, C. L., & Clegg, B. A. (2014). Cognitive Load while Driving Impairs Memory of Moving but Not Stationary Elements within the Environment. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 95-100. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., & Hancock, P. A. (2012). Assisted Entry Mitigates Text Messaging Based Driving Detriment. Work, 41(2012), 4279–4282. PDF → Abstract
Cleary, A. M., Brown, A. S., Sawyer, B.D., Nomi, J. S., Ajoku, A. C., & Ryals, A. J. (2012). Familiarity from the Configuration of Objects in 3-Dimensional Space and its Relation to Déjà Vu: A Virtual Reality Investigation. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 969–975. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Hancock, P. A., Deaton, J., & Suedfeld, P. (2012). Finding the Team for Mars: A Psychological and Human Factors Analysis of a Mars Desert Research Station Crew. Work, 41(2012), 5481–5484. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.S, Teo, G., & Mouloua, M. (2012). DriveID: Safety Innovation through Individuation. Work, 41(2012), 4273–4278. PDF → Abstract
Ledbetter, J. L., Boyce, M. W., Fekety, D. K., Sawyer, B.S, & Smither, J. A. (2012). Examining the Impact of Age and Multitasking on Motorcycle Conspicuity. Work, 41, 5384-5385. PDF → Abstract
Proceedings Publications
2024
Rashid, M. M., Atilgan, N., Palmén, H., Dobres, J., Berlow, S. M., Küçük, M. & Sawyer, B. D. (2024). Light or Bold? Navigating Font Weights and Grades for Enhanced Readability. Journal of Vision, 24(10), 1032-1032. PDF → Abstract
Atilgan, N., Dobres, J., Rashid, M. M., Berlow, S. M. & Sawyer, B. D. (2024). Typeface Matters: Psychophysical Insights into Readability Across Different Reading Tasks. Journal of Vision, 24(10), 1215-1215, 0(0). PDF → Abstract
Rashid, M. M., Atilgan, N., Dobres, J., Day, S., Penkova, V., Küçük, M., Clapp, S. R., & Sawyer, B. D. (2024). Humanizing AI in Education: A Readability Comparison of LLM and Human-Created Educational Content. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 0(0). PDF → Abstract
Azzarello, C., Miller, D., Sawyer, B.D. & Lewis, J., (2023). Format Readability Enhancing in Basic Mathematical Operations. In Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Proceedings Publications. PDF → Abstract
Miller, D. B., Sawyer, B. D., Intriligator, J., & Bland, B. (2023). Social Robots in Constructive Conflicts. In Social Robots in Social Institutions (pp. 399-405). IOS Press. PDF → Abstract
2022
Cai, T., Wallace, S., Rezvanian, T., Dobres, J., Kerr, B., Berlow, S., Huang, J., Sawyer, B.D. & Bylinskii, Z., (2022). Personalized Font Recommendations: Combining ML and Typographic Guidelines to Optimize Readability. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference (pp. 1-25). PDF → Abstract
Guzmán, B., Deresky, S., Taylor, S., Wimmer, H., Momen, A., Tossell, C., Boyce, M., Cartwright, J., Amburn, C. & Sawyer, B., (2022). Evaluating Mixed Reality and Tablet Technologies in Military Planning. In 2022 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS) (pp. 310-314). IEEE. PDF → Abstract
2021
Ball, R. V., Miller, D. B., Wallace, S., Macias, K. C., Ibrahim, M., Gonzaga, E. R., … & Sawyer, B. D. (2021). Optimizing Electronic Health Records Through Readability. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care (Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65-70). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. PDF → Abstract
Wallace, S., Dobres, J., & Sawyer, B. D. (2021). Considering the Speed and Comprehension Trade-Off in Reading Mediated by Typography. Journal of Vision, 21(9), 2249-2249. PDF → Abstract
Fiok, K., Karwowski, W., Gutierrez, E., Saeidi, M., Aljuaid, A. M., Davahli, M. R., … & Sawyer, B. D. (2021). A Study of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Experience of Back Pain Reported on Twitter® in the United States: A Natural Language Processing Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4543. PDF → Abstract
Rantanen, E. M., Lee, J. D., Darveau, K., Miller, D. B.*, Intriligator, J., & Sawyer, B. D. (2021). Ethics Education of Human Factors Engineers for Responsible AI Development. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 1034-1038). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. PDF → Abstract
Hannon, D., Sawyer, B. D., Hughes, A. M., Darveau, K., O’Donnell, R., Intriligator, J., & Lee, J. (2021). The Education of the Human Factors Engineer in the Age of Data Science. A Human Factors Engineering Education Perspective on Data Science, Machine Learning and Automation. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. PDF → Abstract
2020
Crooks , C., McNeil , T., Sawyer , B., Canham , M., & Muchlinski , D. (2020) Understanding Online Information Operations: Development of an Influence Network for Scientific Inquiry Testing Environment (INSITE). 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2020, pp. 4318-4324 (DOI: 10.1109/BigData50022.2020.9378279). PDF → Abstract
Hernandez, C. I., Rahill, K., Pham, M., Manriquez, L., Louis, P., Figueroa, A., … & Sawyer, B. D. (2020). Driving Hazard Detection on the Road Does Not Reveal the Prevalence Effect. Journal of Vision, 20(11), 1692-1692. PDF → Abstract
Wallace, S., Treitman, R., Kumawat, N., Arpin, K., Huang, J., Sawyer, B., & Bylinskii, Z. (2020). Towards Readability Individuation: The Right Changes to Text Format make Large Impacts on Reading Speed. Journal of Vision, 20(10), 17-17. PDF → Abstract
Wallace, S., Treitman, R., Huang, J., Sawyer, B. D., & Bylinskii, Z. (2020) Accelerating Adult Readers with Typeface: A Study of Individual Preferences and Effectiveness. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts (pp. 1-9). PDF → Abstract
2019
Hancock, P. A., Hancock, G., Sellen, A., Lee, J., Sawyer, B., Sheridan, T., … & Sanderson, P. (2019). The Life and Legacy of Professor John Senders. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63(1), 577-581. Seattle, WA. PDF → Abstract
Hannon, D., Rantanen, E., Sawyer, B., Ptucha, R., Hughes, A., Darveau, K., & Lee, J. D. (2019). A Human Factors Engineering Education Perspective on Data Science, Machine Learning and Automation. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63(1), 488-492. Seattle, WA. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., Karwowski, W., Xanthopoulos, P., & Hancock, P. A. (2019). Applied Potential: Neuroergonomic Error Detection in Single Electrode Electroencephalography. Presentation at Neuroergonomics, Paris, France. PDF → Abstract
Mehler, B., Sawyer, B. D. & Reimer, B. (2019). An Applied Driving Evaluation of Electrodermal Potential as a Measurement of Attentional State. Presentation at Neuroergonomics, Paris, France. PDF → Abstract
2018
Sawyer, B. D., Karwowski, W., Xanthopoulos, P. & Hancock P. A., (2018). A Comparison of ERP Data Cleaning Strategies for Neuroergonomic Error Detection. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference’s Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/conf.fnhum (Vol. 4). PA: Philadelphia. PDF → Abstract
2017
Sawyer, B. D., Dobres, J., Mehler, B., & Reimer, B. (2017) The Cost of Cool: Typographic Style Legibility in Reading at a Glance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Austin TX. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Seppalt, B., Mehler, B., & Reimer, B. (2017). Trust Impacts Driver Glance Strategy in Multitasking. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 61(1), 1441–1442. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B.D., Mehler, B. & Reimer, B. (2017). Toward an Antiphony Framework for Dividing Tasks into Subtasks. Proceedings of the Ninth International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design. PDF → Abstract
Geitner, C., Sawyer, B.D., Birrell, S., Jennings, P., Skrypchuk, L.,Mehler, B. & Reimer, B. (2017). A Link Between Trust in Technology and Glance Allocation in On-Road Driving. Proceedings of the Ninth International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design. PDF → Abstract
2016
Sawyer, B. D., Lee, J., Dobres, J., Mehler, B., Coughlin, J. F., & Reimer, B. (2016). Effects of a Voice Interface on Mirror Check Decrements in Older and Younger Multitasking Drivers. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60(1), 95-100. Washington DC. PDF → Abstract
Greenlee, E. T., Funke, G. J., Warm, J. S., Sawyer, B. D., Finomore, V. S., Mancuso, V. F. & Matthews, G. (2016). Stress and Workload Profiles of Network Analysis: Not all Tasks are Created Equal. Advances in Human Factors in Cybersecurity, 153. PDF → Abstract
Gutzwiller, G.S., Fugate, S., Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2015). The Human Factors of Cyber Network Defense. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59(1), 322-326. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., Finomore, V. S., Funke, G., Mancuso, V., Warm, J. S., & Hancock, P. A. (2015). Evaluating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities with the Email Test-Bed: Effects of Training. Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, 9, 14. Melbourne, Australia. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., Calvo, A., Finomore, V.S., & Hancock, P. A. (2015). Serendipity in Simulation: Building Environmentally Valid Driving Distraction Evaluations of Google Glass and an Android Smartphone. Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, 9, 14. Melbourne, Australia. PDF → Abstract
Hancock, G.,& Sawyer, B. D. (2015). A Heuristic-Based Re-Evaluation of the IBM Academic Initiative Project Interface. Proceedings of the 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, 9, 14. Melbourne, Australia. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., Finomore, V. S., Funke, G., & Warm, J. S. (2014). Cyber Vigilance: Effects of Signal Probability and Event Rate. Proceedings of the 2014 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58(1), 1771-1775. Chicago, IL. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2014). An Evaluation of Drivers using an Ignition Interlock Breath Test while Driving. Proceedings of the 2014 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58(1), 2098-2101. Chicago, IL. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2013). Performance Degradation Due to Automation in Texting while Driving. Proceedings of the 7th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driving Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, No. 68, 446-452. Bolten, NY. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2012). Development of a Linked Simulation Network to Evaluate Intelligent Transportation System Vehicle to Vehicle Solutions. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 56(1), 2316-2320. PDF → Abstract
Fok, A. W., Frischmann, T. B., Sawyer, B., Robin, M., & Mouloua, M. (2011). The Impact of GPS Interface Design on Driving and Distraction. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 55(1), 1755–1759. PDF → Abstract
Blalock, L. D., Sawyer, B. D., Kiken, A., & Clegg, B. A. (2009). The Impact of Load on Dynamic Versus Static Situational Knowledge while Driving. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 53(18), 1338-1342. PDF → Abstract
Book Chapters
2016
Sawyer, B.D., Miller, D.B., Canham, M., Karwowski, W. (2021). Human Factors and Ergonomics in Design of A³: Automation, Autonomy, and Artificial Intelligence. In Salvendy, G., Karwowski, W., (Eds.) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics 5th ed., New York: Wiley. PDF → Abstract
Thurlow, D. A. and Sawyer, B. D. (2019). Who Wants an Automated Vehicle? In Lum, H. C. (Eds.) Critical Issues Impacting Science, Technology, Society (STS), and Our Future (171-196), Hershey, PA: IGI Global. PDF → Abstract
Sawyer, B. D., Karwowski, W., Xanthopoulos, P. and Hancock, P. A. (2018). Applied Potential: Neuroergonomic Error Detection in Single Electrode Electroencephalography in R. Parasuraman & C. Mitchell (Eds.), Neuroergonomics, Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. PDF → Abstract
Mehler, B., Sawyer, B. D. & Reimer, B. (2018). An Applied Driving Evaluation of Electrodermal Potential as a Measurement of Attentional State. in R. Parasuraman & C. Mitchell (Eds.), Neuroergonomics, Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. PDF → Abstract